Stomatitis in cats is a painful and often misunderstood oral condition and a relatively common disease in cats. It is marked by severe inflammation in the mouth, and can significantly impact your cat's quality of life. In this article, we discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for feline stomatitis. By equipping you with this knowledge, you can better identify early signs and seek timely veterinary care, ensuring your cat receives the best possible treatment and care for this challenging condition.
What is Stomatitis?
Stomatitis is marked inflammation in the mouth or oral cavity, usually starting in the gums and tissues around the teeth, palate, tongue, and/or throat area. It is often a chronic condition and usually occurs in middle-aged, adult cats. It may start as gingivitis in young cats before progressing to periodontal disease and feline gingivostomatitis.
Causes of Stomatitis in Cats
Cat's mouths are always exposed to bacteria and proteins that can cause diseases. Normally, the immune system keeps them healthy by stopping these diseases from spreading. But if their immune system is not balanced, they can develop conditions such as feline stomatitis. This can happen when their immune system doesn't respond enough or responds too much.
The exact reason why cats develop stomatitis is not known. This dental disease is likely caused by a combination of infectious agents and/or other substances in the mouth, triggering an abnormal immune response.
- Bacteria: Bacterial infections play an important role in stomatitis in cats. Studies show that the oral microflora in cats with stomatitis may differ from healthy cats. It was once thought Bartonella bacteria played a role in feline stomatitis, but it is still unclear due to conflicting evidence.
- Viruses: Viruses like the feline calicivirus (a common cat respiratory virus) are often linked to stomatitis. In some cases, other viruses like feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) might play a role, but it's not always the case.
- Immune-mediated: Stomatitis may also develop as a form of immune-mediated disease, where inflammatory changes occur due to an overreaction of the immune system to plaque bacteria.
- Eosinophilic granuloma complex (ECG): ECG is another inflammatory condition associated with stomatitis. It can lead to ulcers and granulomas in the oral area, though its exact cause is still unknown.
- Other possibilities: Other factors contributing to stomatitis include physical injuries, chronic kidney disease, genetics (seen in certain breeds like Abyssinians and Persians), and conditions like diabetes or immunosuppressive medications.
What are the Symptoms of Stomatitis in Cats?
Stomatitis in cats can cause a range of symptoms. Some cats may show a variety of symptoms and some cats show no symptoms.
Potential symptoms however that may be present with feline stomatitis include:
- Eating difficulties (dysphagia)
- Bad breath (halitosis)
- Drooling or salivating excessively (ptyalism)
- Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)
- Oral pain (e.g. pawing at the face)
- Decreased appetite
- Progressive weight loss and poor body condition
- Bleeding from the mouth
How is Stomatitis Diagnosed?
Stomatitis in cats is diagnosed through a comprehensive oral examination by your veterinarian. This involves a detailed inspection of your cat's mouth to identify signs of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, and ulcers. Your vet may also look for other indicators of stomatitis like increased salivation or bad breath.
In some cases, the oral examination can be challenging due to the discomfort it causes the cat. Therefore, sedation or anesthesia might be necessary for a complete evaluation.
During this procedure, your vet may also perform a biopsy, where a small sample of inflamed tissue is taken for further laboratory analysis. This can help determine the exact cause and rule out other conditions that might have similar symptoms.
What are the Treatment Options for Stomatitis in Cats?
The treatment approach typically involves multiple factors. The goals of therapy involve controlling inflammation, reducing the immune response, addressing potential sources of infection, and effectively managing pain.
Dental extractions are often necessary to manage stomatitis in cats and improve their overall health. While medical therapy alone can help to some extent, extracting teeth produces better outcomes and helps control clinical signs.
In most cases, the extraction of teeth located behind the canine teeth (partial-mouth extractions) is typically adequate. However, it is important to note that certain cats experiencing inflammation in the front of their mouth may require full-mouth extractions to address the issue effectively.
In some cases, your veterinarian may try medical therapy. Antibiotics may be used initially and they often appear to help. The result is short-lived, however, and recurrence of symptoms is common once the medication course has ended.
As pain and inflammatory control, and nutritional support are an important part of treatment, your veterinarian may prescribe corticosteroids to manage your cat's condition.
Additionally, working by modulating the immune system, cyclosporine has been effective in feline patients where there is limited benefit following partial or full-mouth extractions.
What is the Prognosis for Cats with Stomatitis?
The prognosis for cats with stomatitis can vary, but there's definitely hope for improvement with the right treatment. Here’s what you can expect:
- Importance of Dental Care: Regular dental home care is important for oral health. Without it, the lesions caused by stomatitis often persist. Your veterinarian may recommend regular cleanings if oral surgery is not feasible.
- Need for Extractions: Many cats with stomatitis need more than just medicine. Removing some or all of the affected teeth – either the back teeth (caudal) or the entire dental set (full-mouth) – is usually necessary.
- Good Chances of Improvement: The good news is that many cats do well after these extractions. In a study of 95 cats with stomatitis, about 39% showed substantial improvement after tooth removal, and nearly 29% had a complete resolution of symptoms.
Overall, while stomatitis in cats can be a challenging condition, many cats experience a significant improvement in their quality of life with the right combination of dental care and medical treatment. It's important to have regular follow-ups with your veterinarian to monitor your cat’s progress and adjust treatments as needed.