Cryptorchidism in Dogs: A Guide for Dog Owners

Cryptorchidism in dogs, a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, is a topic that can be confusing for dog owners. You may not be initially concerned that your puppy only has one testicle descended but there are important things you need to know! Cryptorchidism not only affects a dog's reproductive capabilities but also raises the risk for complications like testicular torsion and cancer. This article will provide you with all the information you need about your cryptorchid dog.

Understanding cryptorchidism in dogs

Understanding cryptorchidism can be quite straightforward. Essentially, this condition occurs when a testicle fails to make its journey to the scrotum. This retained testicle may end up stuck somewhere along the way—either subcutaneously, within the inguinal canal, or inside the abdomen. 70% of all cases involve only one testicle and 30% involve both testicles.

When a puppy is born, its testicles are usually near an area called the inguinal ring in the groin. By the time the puppy is about 2 weeks old, these testicles should move down into the scrotum. If the testicle(s) are not in the scrotum by 8 weeks of age, we consider this cryptorchid.

Sometimes, in young puppies, a testicle might be found either in the inguinal canal (a pathway the testicle travels through) or just above the scrotum, but there's still a chance it could move down to where it should be on its own.

One intriguing fact is that if the undescended testicle is in the abdomen, it doesn't produce sperm due to the higher core body temperature, which suppresses sperm development. However, these retained testicles still produce testosterone, affecting your dog's behavior and health.

What causes cryptorchidism?

The ultimate cause of cryptorchidism is thought to be genetics. Breeds like Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, German Shepherds, and Miniature Schnauzers have a higher incidence of this condition.

The root of cryptorchidism lies in the development of the gubernaculum, a structure that connects the fetal testicle to the scrotum. If this structure doesn't develop correctly, the testicle remains retained in the abdomen or may get stuck at the inguinal ring, failing to descend into the scrotum.

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism in dogs?

The treatment for cryptorchidism in dogs is neutering and removal of the retained testicle. This is usually recommended to prevent potential complications such as testicular cancer or testicular torsion.

There is no set rule as to when to neuter cryptorchid dogs. It is generally recommended to neuter before 3 years of age to reduce the chances of testicular cancer or the retained testicle.

The surgical approach will depend on the location of the retained testicle. If it is under the skin, above the scrotum, it could often be pushed to the midline and allow for a single incision, removing both the testicle in the scrotum and the retained one.

If the testicle is in the inguinal region, a separate incision over this area in the groin will be required. The same is true for a retained testicle in the abdomen where your veterinarian will need to make a separate incision beside the prepuce to gain entry into the abdomen.

If your dog has a cryptorchid testicle removed from the abdomen, please be aware that the recovery period will be different compared to a standard neuter. Your veterinarian may recommend keeping your dog restricted in their activity for a few additional days, and they may need pain additional medication to manage any discomfort.

What are the risks and health implications if cryptorchidism is left untreated?

Cryptorchidism can lead to several potential health risks and implications for dogs. One of the main concerns is the increased risk of testicular cancer in retained testicles. There is a 10-fold increase in testicular cancer in cryptorchid dogs. This is because the cryptorchid testicle cannot regulate its temperature, thereby increasing its cancer risk. This type of cancer is more aggressive and can spread quickly, making early detection and removal very important.

In addition to cancer, a retained testicle can also cause testicular torsion, which is when the testicle becomes twisted and cuts off its own blood supply. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention.

What is the prognosis for dogs with cryptorchidism?

The prognosis is excellent if the testicle is surgically removed before any complications, like the growth of a cancerous tumor, arise.

In summary, cryptorchidism in dogs is when one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. If left untreated, it can lead to potential health risks and implications for your dog, including an increased risk of testicular cancer and testicular torsion. It is important to have your dog neutered if they are diagnosed with cryptorchidism, as early detection and removal can greatly improve their prognosis.