Serotonin syndrome in dogs is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. It arises from an excess of serotonin in the body - a neurotransmitter present in the brain and other organs. Common symptoms of serotonin syndrome in dogs can include restlessness, agitation, disorientation, increased temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, and tremors. This article discusses serotonin syndrome in greater detail to educate dog owners about this serious condition.
What is serotonin?
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the body that acts as a messenger between nerve cells. It plays an essential role in regulating various aspects of your dog's well-being. Serotonin helps to control their mood, appetite, sleep, and even how they perceive pain. It is often referred to as the "feel-good" chemical because it contributes to a sense of happiness and overall well-being. When there is excessive serotonin, however, it can be very dangerous for your dog.
What causes serotonin syndrome in dogs?
Serotonin syndrome in dogs is caused by an excessive amount of serotonin build-up in the body. This is most likely the result of dogs taking too much medication that increases their serotonin levels, such as anti-anxiety drugs.
The classes of drugs that are often responsible for serotonin syndrome in dogs include serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI or SSRI), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and some opioids such as tramadol.
Dogs, in particular, are prone to developing serotonin syndrome either by ingesting their own medication in excessive amounts or by mistakenly consuming their owner's medication. In some cases, serotonin syndrome may occur when a dog has inadvertently been prescribed two serotonergic drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to inform your veterinarian about all the medications your dog is receiving to prevent drug interactions and mitigate the risk of serotonin syndrome.
What are the clinical signs of serotonin syndrome in dogs?
Clinical signs of serotonin syndrome in dogs will vary depending on the specific drug ingested and its quantity. The clinical symptoms of serotonin syndrome include but are not limited to:
- Restlessness
- Agitation
- Disorientation
- Increased temperature
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Tremors
- Muscle rigidity
Other symptoms may include excessive panting, elevated heart rate, dilated pupils, drooling or hypersalivation. In severe cases, transient blindness may also occur.
If your dog accidentally ingests too much of a medication, symptoms usually start within 1-2 hours. But, if the medicine is released slowly over time or is controlled, your dog may experience delayed onset of symptoms for up to 6-12 hours.
If your dog develops serotonin syndrome from taking multiple medications, the symptoms may slowly develop over several hours or days, from mild agitation to more pronounced signs, after taking additional doses. It's essential to consult your veterinarian immediately if you observe any of these symptoms.
How is serotonin syndrome diagnosed?
Serotonin syndrome diagnosis for your dogs is based on clinical signs and previous exposure to serotonergic drugs. During your dog's veterinarian visit, a comprehensive physical exam will be conducted to identify neuromuscular abnormalities and other signs associated with serotonin syndrome in dogs.
Confirmation of serotonin syndrome in dogs typically involves analysis of urine and/or blood by a veterinary laboratory. However, these tests may not be practical for emergency cases due to long turnaround times. Measuring blood serotonin levels is also unhelpful as they don't reflect neuronal serotonin levels. Clinical signs, exposure history, physical examination, and treatment response are key factors in diagnosing serotonin syndrome in dogs.
What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome in dogs?
The treatment of serotonin syndrome in dogs depends largely on the severity of the clinical signs. Additionally, the treatment for serotonin syndrome in dogs focuses on reducing serotonin levels and managing the symptoms.
- Discontinuation of serotonergic drugs: If the serotonin syndrome is caused by medications the first step is to discontinue their use immediately. However, it is crucial to follow your veterinarian's guidance when making changes to your dog's medication, as abruptly stopping a serotonergic drug can have harmful effects.
- Decontamination: If a dog has ingested, within the past 30 minutes, serotonergic drugs, and it's safe for the dog, then your veterinarian may consider gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination. However, because symptoms can develop quickly, we recommend that decontamination procedures be done with direct veterinary supervision. This approach ensures patient safety is paramount, and appropriate dog management. Decontamination includes induction of vomiting or the use of activated charcoal which will bind the toxins and prevent them from being absorbed.
- Medications to block serotonin: To directly treat serotonin syndrome in dogs, veterinarians may administer medications that can block serotonin receptors. These drugs, such as cyproheptadine or chlorpromazine, help reduce the effects of excessive serotonin and alleviate symptoms.
What is the prognosis for dogs with serotonin syndrome?
The expected outcome for dogs depends on what they ate, how much they ingested, and how long they've been showing signs of illness. If the dog ate an extended, controlled, or sustained-release product, their symptoms might take longer to show up and require longer treatment periods. Even if the dog seems to have recovered, don't worry if they experience temporary blindness as it usually resolves within 36 hours.
In conclusion, serotonin syndrome in dogs is a serious condition that can occur when there is an excessive amount of serotonin build-up in the body. It may be caused by taking too much medication, such as anti-anxiety drugs, or ingesting two serotonergic drugs at once.
Clinical signs of serotonin syndrome include restlessness, agitation, disorientation and increased temperature among others. Diagnosis involves clinical signs and exposure history along with physical examination and tests like urine/blood analysis if necessary.
Treatment focuses on reducing serotonin levels to alleviate symptoms which includes discontinuation of serotonergic drugs and using medications to block serotonin receptors. The prognosis for dogs depends on how quickly treatment begins after ingestion but most can make a recovery with the appropriate treatment.
Therefore it is important to consult your veterinarian immediately if you observe any symptoms associated with serotonin syndrome in dogs.